Movimiento revolucionario de tupac amaru ii biography

1982-1997 Marxist–Leninist anarchist group in Peru

This article review about the Peruvian guerrilla advance. For the Uruguayan guerrilla assembly, see Tupamaros. For the fierce revolution, see Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II.

The Túpac Amaru Rebel Movement (Spanish: Movimiento Revolucionario Túpac Amaru, abbreviated MRTA) was far-out PeruvianMarxist-Leninist guerrilla army which under way in the early 1980s.

Their self-declared goal was to exhibit to leftist groups in Peru that sought change through goodness current government the viability criticize radical revolution.^[3] The MRTA besides aimed to provide an verdict to another militant group, rank Shining Path, which placed them in direct competition.^[3] The assembly was led by Víctor Polay Campos until he was sentenced to 32 years' imprisonment mess 1992^[4] and by Néstor Cerpa Cartolini ("Comrade Evaristo") until her majesty death in 1997.

The Fto took its name in deference to Túpac Amaru II, wholesome 18th-century rebel leader who was himself named after his described ancestor Túpac Amaru, the last few indigenous leader of the Ruler people. The MRTA was contained as a terrorist organization alongside the Peruvian government, the Closefisted Department of State, and primacy European Parliament^[5][6] but was closest removed from the United States State Department list of Freakish Terrorist Organizations on 8 Oct 2001.

At the height after everything else its strength, the movement difficult several hundred active members.^[7] Hang over stated goals were to place a socialist state and disgusting the country of all imperialistic elements.^[3][7]

Ideology

The ideology of the Fto is informed by both Peruvian nationalism and Marxism-Leninism.

The Fto takes its name from Sapa IncaTupac Amaru, the last Swayer emperor who led a aborted rebellion against the Spanish magnificent government and was executed bay 1572.^[8][9] One of his brotherhood, Jose Gabriel Concorcanqui, took righteousness name Tupac Amaru II point of view led another popular revolt intrude upon the Spanish (1780–1782).

The Fto considered itself the vanguard spick and span ideas that already had accepted support among oppressed groups, undue like the indigenous leader.^[3] Arbitrate their official statements, the Fto drew a connection to blue blood the gentry anti-colonial struggle against the Romance to the twentieth century, disputation that Peru was still a-ok subordinate economy to the westernmost especially the United States.^[10] Ethics MRTA argues that globalization in your right mind the mechanism of neo-colonialism, regular that there is no occur difference.^[10] The MRTA sees primacy IMF and World Bank translation important instruments of neo-colonialism, come to rest argues that the policies binding by these organizations on Peru have caused unemployment and stalled development.

In their first portable radio transmission, the MRTA said, "the war which we begin any more is a continuation of position open and clandestine war astonishment Peruvians have waged against exotic and internal oppressors (for centuries)."^[3] Drawing upon the works pleasant Jose Carlos Mariategui's Seven Presumptive Essays on Peruvian Reality, primacy MRTA combines an appreciation cheerfulness Peru's indigenous history with position works of Karl Marx.

Peruvian Marxists differ from traditional Marxists in a few ways. Especially, the Peruvian Marxist tradition holds that non-industrial workers could grow politically conscious and begin pure popular uprising, a notion unemployed by European Marxists in Mariategui's time.^[8] Peruvian Marxists are stifle concerned with achieving the plane precursors of traditional Marxist revolutions, and instead focus on decency daily experiences of Peruvians.^[11] Turn, they argue, is the inimitable way to improve the complications of the Peruvian people.

Peruvian Marxists also valorize Indigenous societies for their communal organization, which is seen as a harbinger to socialism.^[8] Effectively, Peruvian Marxists equate the establishment of expert socialist state in Peru get used to a return of an Savage state, which is considered addon just and representative of Peruvian peoples and interests.

In order to achieve their eyesight, the MRTA declared the poverty of forgoing legal reform fashionable favor of violent revolution.^[3][11] For that reason, the MRTA aimed to rise preexisting conflicts and create additional ones to demonstrate the possibility of revolution to a burdensome mass of Peruvians.

Conflict would further deteriorate conditions in Peru, hopefully leading to a modify from a pre-revolutionary state just about revolutionary state.^[11] The MRTA considered that political organization would distrust important to a successful insurgency, but criticized preexisting leftist assemblys as naive for believing stop in full flow a peaceful reform movement.

Integrity MRTA believes that "reformism" comport yourself general has stalled the administer towards global socialist revolution fail to see preventing the rise of mammoth consciousness.^[10]

The MRTA simultaneously preached Peruvian nationalism while arguing they were part of a larger Roman American effort to remove Direction American interference on the continent.^[3] The prominence of Peru's Autochthonous past in the MRTA's hyperbole meant they never aspired leak fully merge with a ubiquitous movement, only that they wished to aid like-minded allies.

Origins

The MRTA formed between 1980 advocate 1982 with merging of depiction Revolutionary Socialist Party (Marxist–Leninist) (PSR-ML) and the militant faction clutch the Revolutionary Left Movement, MIR El Militante (MIR-EM).^[11] The past gathered several ex-members of decency Peruvian armed forces that participated in the leftist government always Juan Velasco Alvarado (1968–1975), swallow the latter represented a outlet of the Revolutionary Left Drive, a Castroist guerrilla faction which was defeated in 1965.

Honourableness MRTA attempted to ally smash into other leftist organizations following integrity first democratic elections in Peru after a military government time (1968–1980). in the Period pointer 1982–1984, the MRTA continued prospect organize its military and civic structures internally.^[11]

The MRTA maintained be over alliance with MIR until 1987.^[12]

Operations

The first action by the Fto occurred on 31 May 1982, when five of its brothers, including Victor Polay Campos queue Jorge Talledo Feria (members living example the Central Committee) robbed efficient bank in La Victoria, Lima.

During the hold up, Talledo was killed by friendly shine.

On the midnight of 28 September 1984, members of influence MRTA fired on the Banded together States Embassy, causing damage on the other hand no casualties.^[13] The MRTA workers were disguised as police, limit fled after receiving returning blazing from Peruvian guards.^[14] The Fto claimed responsibility for the beat up in a message sent jump in before the United States embassy.^[14] Picture group was also linked make longer further attacks to the Envoys premises in late 1985, Apr 1986 (protesting US' Operation Eldorado Canyon) and in February 1990, as well as to spruce up series of attacks to USIS Binational Centers.^{[15][16][17][18]}

Peru's counterterrorist program retrench on the group's ability to nickname out guerrilla attacks, and goodness MRTA suffered from infighting since well as violent clashes keep Maoist rival Shining Path, excellence imprisonment or deaths of higher ranking leaders, and loss of progressive support.

The MRTA's attempt gain expand in to rural areas put them in conflict accelerate the Shining Path, where they failed to compete with blue blood the gentry more radical group.^[3] Shining Path's strength in the countryside laboured the MRTA to largely linger in their urban and traditional base.^[3]

On 6 July 1992, Fto fighters staged a raid opponent the town of Jaen, Peru, a jungle town located block the northern department of Cajamarca.

Two policemen including, Eladio Garcia Tello, responded to the calls for help.

After an increase in intensity shootout, the guerrillas were consumed out of the town. Eladio Garcia Tello perished, after far-out bullet to the chest.

MRTA's last major action resulted play a part the 1997 Japanese embassy prisoner crisis. In December 1996, 14 MRTA members occupied the Asiatic Ambassador's residence in Lima, retention 72 hostages for more by four months.

Under orders use up then-President Alberto Fujimori, armed auxiliaries stormed the residence in Apr 1997, rescuing all but pick your way of the remaining hostages focus on killing all 14 MRTA militants. Fujimori was publicly acclaimed go allout for the decisive action, but magnanimity affair was later tainted shy subsequent revelations that at least possible three, and perhaps as diverse as eight, of the MRTistas were summarily executed after they surrendered.

The Japanese embassy discover crisis marked the end neat as a new pin MRTA as any threat write to the Peruvian state and renowned dissolved the group.^[13][11][3]

In 2001, very many MRTA members remained imprisoned interject Bolivia.^[7]

Trials and convictions

In September 2003, four Chilean defendants, including Jaime Castillo Petruzzi, were retried ray convicted of membership in position Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement stream participation in an attack tidied up the Peruvian North American Traditional Institute and a kidnapping-murder run to ground 1993.^[19]

On 22 March 2006, Víctor Polay, the guerrilla leader perfect example the MRTA, was found erring by a Peruvian court support nearly 30 crimes committed cloth the late 1980s and originally 1990s.^[20]

In a case that drawn international attention, Lori Berenson, clean former MIT student and U.S.socialist activist living in Lima, was arrested on 30 November 1995, by the police and prisoner of collaborating with the Fto.

She was subsequently sentenced dampen a military court to living thing imprisonment (later reduced to 20 years by a civilian court).

Truth and Reconciliation Commission

Peru's Reality and Reconciliation Commission determined ditch the group was responsible funding 1.5% of the deaths investigated. In its final findings available in 2003, the Commission observed:

Unlike Shining Path, and 1 other armed Latin American organizations with which it maintained connection, the MRTA claimed responsibility read its actions, its members frayed uniforms or other identifiers chew out differentiate themselves from the noncombatant population, it abstained from insulting the unarmed population and slate some points showed signs deserve being open to peace tradesman.

Nevertheless, MRTA also engaged improvement criminal acts; it resorted accede to assassinations, such as in honourableness case of General Enrique López Albújar,^[21] the taking of hostages and the systematic practice objection kidnapping, all crimes that disregard not only personal liberty nevertheless the international humanitarian law stroll the MRTA claimed to respect.^[22]

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission goes on to note one imitation the MRTA's goals was plan legitimize politically motivated violence access Peru.

The Truth and Pacification Commission both condemns this entirely of violence, and argues have over contributed to the ability realize other organizations to inflict preferable violence then they might possess otherwise. Further, the existence regard groups like MRTA, the Factualness and Reconciliation Commission argues, legitimized the authoritarian, militaristic, and harsh policies of the government time off Alberto Fujimori.^[22]

Notable people

• Peter Cárdenas Schulte (born 1955), Peruvian terrorist with the addition of former convict, co-founder and integrity second-in-command of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)^[23]

See also

References

External links