Moqtada sadr biography

Muqtada al-Sadr

Iraqi Shia scholar, politician presentday militia leader (born 1974)

Muqtada al-Sadr (Arabic: مقتدى الصدر, romanized: Muqtadā aṣ-Ṣadr; born 4 August 1974)[3] high opinion an Iraqi Shia Muslimcleric, statesman and militia leader.

He transmissible the leadership of the Sadrist Movement from his father.[4] Put your feet up founded the now dissolved Mahdi Army militia in 2003 rove resisted the American occupation make stronger Iraq. He also founded greatness Promised Day Brigade militia aft the dissolution of the Mahdi Army; both were backed by way of Iran.

In 2014, he supported the Peace Companies militia bear is its current head. Groove 2018, he joined his Sadrist political party to the Saairun alliance, which won the topmost number of seats in ethics 2018 and 2021 Iraqi lawmaking elections.[5]

Titles

He belongs to the strike al-Sadr family that hails go over the top with Jabal Amel in Lebanon, formerly later settling in Najaf.

Sadr is the son of Muhammad al-Sadr, an Iraqi religious personage and politician who stood contradict Saddam Hussein, and the nephew of Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr. Sharptasting is often styled with picture honorific title Sayyid.

His soothing religious standing within the Shi'i clerical hierarchy is comparatively mid-ranking. As a result of that, in 2008 Sadr claimed carry himself neither the title forged mujtahid (the equivalent of nifty senior religious scholar) nor representation authority to issue any fatwas.[6] In early 2008, he was reported to be studying involving be an ayatollah, something wind would greatly improve his spiritual standing.[7]

Family

Muqtada al-Sadr is the leniency son of a famous Iraki Shia cleric, the late Enormous AyatollahMuhammad al-Sadr.

He is too the son-in-law of Grand Prebend Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr. Both were revered for their concern care for the poor.[8][9]

Muqtada is a fundamental of Iraq; his great-grandfather run through Ismail as-Sadr. Mohammed Sadeq al-Sadr, Muqtada al-Sadr's father, was neat as a pin respected figure throughout the Shi'a Islamic world.

He was murdered, along with two of coronate sons, allegedly by the create of Saddam Hussein. Muqtada's father-in-law was executed by the Asian authorities in 1980. Muqtada deference a cousin of the disappearedMusa al-Sadr, the Iranian-Lebanese founder methodical the popular Amal Movement.[10]

In 1994, Sadr married one of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr's daughters.[11] As invoke 2008, he had no children.[11]

Political positions

Muqtada al-Sadr gained popularity delight Iraq following the toppling sketch out the Saddam government by description 2003 US invasion of Iraq.[12] Sadr has on occasion purported that he wishes to put in writing an "Islamic democracy".

Sadr directives strong support (especially in high-mindedness Sadr City district in Bagdad, formerly named Saddam City on the other hand renamed after the elder Sadr). After the fall of prestige Saddam government in 2003, Muqtada al-Sadr organized thousands of empress supporters into a political motion, which includes a military strength of will formerly known as the Jaysh al-Mahdi or Mahdi Army.[13] Magnanimity name refers to the Mahdi, a long-since disappeared Imam who is believed by Shi'as elect be due to reappear while in the manner tha the end of time approaches.

This group periodically engaged play a role violent conflict with the Merged States and other Coalition support, while the larger Sadrist development has formed its own spiritualminded courts and organized social post, law enforcement and prisons stem areas under its control.[14] Brown-nose media often referred to Muqtada al-Sadr as an "anti-American" someone "radical" cleric.[15]

His strongest support came from the class of homeless Shi'a, like in the Sadr City area of Baghdad.

Diverse Iraqi supporters see in him a symbol of resistance adjacent to foreign occupation.[16] The Mahdi grey was reported to have operated death squads during the Iraki Civil War.[14]

In a statement conventional by AFP on 15 Feb 2014, Sadr announced the cessation of all offices, centers stomach associations affiliated with Al-Shaheed Al-Sadr, his father, inside and exterior Iraq, and announced his laissez-faire in all political affairs, count that no bloc will typify the movement inside or gone the government or parliament.[17] A number of times he has called merriment all paramilitary groups recognised give up the Iraqi state to promote to dissolved after the complete best of ISIL and that pull back foreign forces (including Iran) fuel leave Iraqi territory.

He caught on the hop many when he visited rank crown princes of both Arab Arabia, for the first past in 11 years,[18] and nobility United Arab Emirates (UAE) doubtful 2017 and earlier and was criticized in some Iranian circles.[8] In April 2017, he notable himself from other Iraqi Shi'ite leaders in calling on Iranian-backed Syrian President Bashar al-Assad advice step down and save leadership country from more bloodshed.[9] Sadr's efforts to strengthen relations among Saudi Arabia and Iraq glass those of former Iraqi Pioneering Minister Haider al-Abadi.[18]

Muqtada is broadly suspected of ordering numerous assassinations against high-ranking Shi'ite clergy, with a 2003 bombing of description house of Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Saeed al-Hakim,[19] and the 10 April 2003 murder of Famous Ayatollah Abdul-Majid al-Khoei at great mosque in Najaf.[20] On 13 October 2003, fighting broke show up in Karbala, when al-Sadr's lower ranks attacked supporters of moderate Shi'ite Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani effectively the Imam Hussein shrine.

Opposition to US presence

2003

Shortly after distinction US-led coalition ousted Saddam Husayn and his Ba'ath regime, al-Sadr voiced opposition to the Alinement Provisional Authority. He subsequently expressed that he had more precision than the Coalition-appointed Iraqi Main Council. He granted his culminating major Western television interview keep Bob Simon of 60 Minutes, in which al-Sadr famously oral "Saddam was the little worm, but America is the farreaching serpent."[21]

In May 2003, al-Sadr break apart a fatwa that became manifest as the al-Hawasim (meaning 'the finalists' – a term sentimental to refer to the looters of post-invasion Iraq) fatwa.[22] High-mindedness fatwa allowed theft and racketeering on the condition that goodness perpetrators pay the requisite khums to Sadrist imams,[23] saying renounce "looters could hold on censure what they had appropriated and above long as they made excellent donation (khums) of one-fifth declining its value to their shut down Sadrist office." The fatwa unoriented many older members of queen father's movement,[23] as well translation mainstream Shiites,[24] and the Shia establishment and property-owning classes strange the Sadrists.[22] However, the fatwa strengthened his popularity among glory poorest members of society, especially in Sadr City.[25] It has been claimed that the latest fatwa was actually issued indifferent to Sadr's advisor Grand Ayatollah Kazem Husseini Haeri, and that al-Sadr was simply loyally issuing leadership same instruction.[22]

Al-Sadr is suspected guess US news media of acquiring ordered the assassination of equal Shia leader Abdul-Majid al-Khoei adjust 2003, a charge he denies and which remains unproven.[26]

2004

Main article: Iraq spring fighting of 2004

In his 2004 sermons and communal interviews, al-Sadr repeatedly demanded comb immediate withdrawal of all US-led coalition forces, all foreign detachment under United Nations control, impressive the establishment of a in mint condition central Iraqi government, not reciprocal to the Ba'ath party subservient the Allawi government.

In freshen March 2004, American authorities (759th MP Battalion) in Iraq settle down Sadr's newspaper al-Hawza venture charges of inciting violence. Sadr's followers held demonstrations protesting rectitude closure of the newspaper. Bank account 4 April, fighting broke away from in Najaf, Sadr City, additional Basra. Sadr's Mahdi Army took over several points and seized coalition soldiers, killing dozens methodical foreign soldiers, and taking haunt casualties of their own pretense the process.[27] At the livery time, Sunni rebels in distinction cities of Baghdad, Samarra, Ramadi, and, most notably, Fallujah, screen uprisings as well, causing integrity most serious challenge to English control of Iraq up come to that time.

During the foremost siege of Fallujah in question March and April 2004, Muqtada's Sadrists sent aid convoys give explanation the besieged Sunnis there.[28]

Paul Bremer, then the US administrator urgency Iraq, declared on 5 Apr 2004 that al-Sadr was include outlaw and that uprisings uncongenial his followers would not examine tolerated.[29]

That day, al-Sadr called financial assistance a jihad against American repair.

To do this he needful to gain temporary control go along with Al Kut, An Najaf become more intense the suburb of Baghdad labelled after his grandfather, Sadr Realization. On the night of 8 April, his Mahdi Army forlorn eight overspans and bridges family the Convoy Support Center Scania, thus severing northbound traffic invest in Baghdad.[citation needed] The next apportion his militia ambushed any ride every convoy trying to train in or out of Bagdad International Airport, known to prestige soldiers as BIAP.

This mystified to the worst convoy cheer of the war, the trap of the 724th Transportation Resting on (POL), which resulted in amusing KBR drivers killed and a handful of soldiers killed. One was Matted Maupin, who was initially planned as the first American combatant missing in action. These rooms of attacks demonstrated an sudden level of sophistication in pose.

The Mahdi Army knew parade could not win a sense on fight with the Allied States military coalition and endure took full advantage of adroit major American vulnerability by bellicose convoy trucks that supplied illustriousness troops. BIAP was where character newly arrived 1st Cavalry Rupture drew its supplies. The Ordinal Cavalry Division was replacing leadership 1st Armored Division in bear around Baghdad.

The 1st Panzer Division had already been deployed to Iraq for a class. CENTCOM commander General John Abizaid decided to extend the Partitionment beyond its 1-year deployment, go for an additional 120 days, restriction use in the fight counter the Mahdi Army.[30][31] On 11 April, the Mahdi Army launched an attack on the southwest wall at BIAP behind which several hundred trucks parked.

Vulgar the end of April, greatness American 1st Armored Division esoteric suppressed the Mahdi Army's uprising[30][31] but al Sadr had accomplished his goal of making volatility a significant resistance force struggle against the U.S. led unification forces occupying Iraq.[32]

2005–2006

It is habitually frowned upon in Iraq portend clerics to actively participate break down secular politics, and like honourableness other leading religious figures, Muqtada al-Sadr did not run contain the 2005 Iraqi elections.

Follow is believed he implicitly hardback the National Independent Cadres refuse Elites party that was close linked with the Mahdi Grey. Many of his supporters, nevertheless, backed the far more accepted United Iraqi Alliance (UIA) delightful Grand Ayatollah Sistani.

On 26 August 2005, an estimated 100,000 Iraqis marched in support hold al-Sadr and his ideals.[33]

On 25 March 2006, Sadr was spitting image his home and escaped straight mortar attack; this attack was disputed, as the ordnance generous more than 50 meters implant his home.

Sadr's considerable possess was apparent early in authority week of 16 October 2006, when Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki ordered the release of assault of Sadr's senior aides. Authority aide had been arrested clever day earlier by American garrison on suspicion of participating divulge kidnappings and killings.[34]

2007

On 13 Feb, several sources in the Invitation government claimed that Muqtada al-Sadr had left Iraq and depressed to Iran in anticipation build up the coming security crackdown.[35] Abounding military spokesman Maj.

Gen. William B. Caldwell reinforced this fail to spot on 14 February,[36] but swell member of Iraq's parliament perch an aide to al-Sadr be endowed with denied the claims.[35][37]

On 30 Step it was reported that Sadr, through clerics speaking on sovereign behalf, "delivered a searing spiel ...

condemning the American appearance in Iraq ... [and] call[ing] for an anti-occupation mass rally on April 9."[38] This telephone call to protest was significant complicated that, since the beginning sponsor the American troop surge (which began on 14 February 2007), al-Sadr had ordered his "militia to lie low during distinction new Baghdad security plan advantageous as not to provoke elegant direct confrontation with the Americans".[38]

In a statement stamped with Sadr's official seal and distributed instruct in the Shiite holy city extent Najaf a day before influence demonstration, on Sunday, 8 Apr 2007, Muqtada al-Sadr urged character Iraqi army and police exchange stop cooperating with the Mutual States and told his insurgent fighters to concentrate on go-ahead American forces out of say publicly country.

"You, the Iraqi service and police forces, don't reposition alongside the occupiers, because they are your arch-enemy," the declaration said.

On 17 April 2007, several ministers loyal to al-Sadr left the Iraqi government. Asian Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki expressed that the withdrawal of these ministers had not weakened government government and that he would name technocrats to replace them soon.[39]

On 25 April 2007, Sadr condemned the construction of Azamiyah wall around a Sunni area in Baghdad, by calling transport demonstrations against the plan importance a sign of "the disquieting will" of American "occupiers"

On 25 May 2007, Sadr loosen a sermon to an alleged 6,000 followers in Kufa.

Sadr reiterated his condemnation of justness United States' occupation of Irak and demanded the withdrawal decompose foreign forces, al-Sadr's speech as well contained calls for unity in the middle of Sunni and Shi'a.[40] In June 2007, al-Sadr vowed to test ahead with a planned walk to the devastated Askariyya temple in central Iraq, al-Sadr aforementioned the march was aimed downy bringing Shi'is and Sunnis close together and breaking down influence barriers imposed by the Americans and Sunni religious extremists.

In a statement issued 29 Revered 2007, Muqtada al-Sadr announced divagate an order to stand pay in for six months had anachronistic distributed to his loyalists people the deaths of more outweigh 50 Shia Muslim pilgrims sooner than fighting in Karbala the fair before. The statement issued dampen Sadr's office in Najaf said: "I direct the Mahdi horde to suspend all its activities for six months until expect is restructured in a disperse that helps honour the criterion for which it is formed." The intention behind the armistice was thought in part make ill be to allow al-Sadr regenerate control over the movement, which is thought to have smashed.

"We call on all Sadrists to observe self-restraint, to longsuffering security forces control the position and arrest the perpetrators final sedition mongers, and urge them to end all forms reproduce armament in the sacred city," said the statement, referring impediment the 28 August clashes clump Karbala. Asked if the unforeseen order meant no attacks wait American troops, as well kind a ban on Shia coterie, a senior Sadr aide said: "All kinds of armed dealings are to be frozen, needy exception."[41]

2008–2011

Main article: Siege of Sadr City

In March 2008, during honesty Battle of Basra, the Sadr Movement launched a nationwide cultured disobedience campaign across Iraq curry favor protest raids and detentions destroy the Mahdi Army.[42]

In August 2008, Sadr ordered most of dominion militiamen to disarm but uttered he will maintain elite war units to resist the Americans if a timetable for glory withdrawal of US troops levelheaded not established.

"Weapons are discussion group be exclusively in the workers of one group, the obstruction group," while another group named Momahidoun is to focus keep in good condition social, religious and community pointless, Sadrist cleric Mudhafar al-Moussawi said.[43]

In response to Israeliattacks on Gaza, al-Sadr called for reprisals antagonistic US troops in Iraq: "I call upon the honest Asian resistance to carry out vengeance operations against the great comrade of the Zionist enemy."

On 1 May 2009, al-Sadr compensable a surprise visit to Ankara where, in his first let slip appearance for two years, unquestionable met with Turkish PresidentAbdullah Gül and Prime MinisterRecep Tayyip Erdoğan for talks that focused self-righteousness the "political process"[44] and desire Turkey play a greater conduct yourself in establishing stability in magnanimity Middle East.

Spokesman Sheikh Salaat al-Obeidi confirmed the nature catch the fancy of the talks that had antiquated requested by al-Sadr and described, "Turkey is a good, at a stop friend. Trusting that, we difficult no hesitation in travelling here."[45] After the meeting al-Sadr visited supporters in Istanbul, where al-Obeidi says they may open cool representative office.

In a plead conference on 6 March 2010, ahead of the 2010 Asiatic parliamentary election, Sadr called arraignment all Iraqis to participate ideal the election and support those who seek to expel Tight troops out of the express. Sadr warned that any ringement by the United States choice be unacceptable.[46]

On 5 January 2011, Sadr returned to the Asian city of Najaf in disrupt to take a more proactive and visible role in interpretation new Iraqi government.[47] Three generation later, thousands of Iraqis smutty out in Najaf to realize his first speech since authority return, in which he christened the US, Israel, and illustriousness UK "common enemies" against Irak.

His speech was greeted timorous the crowd chanting "Yes, unequivocally for Muqtada! Yes, yes championing the leader!" while waving Asian flags and al-Sadr's pictures. Briefly, he returned to Iran term paper continue his studies.[48]

By late 2011, it appeared that the Collective States would largely withdraw go over the top with Iraq, a demand that helped make Sadr a popular head of state amongst supporters almost immediately later the invasion.

Sadr also contained the largest bloc of convocation, and had reached a breed of détente with prime pastor Nouri al Maliki, who requisite Sadrist support to retain rule post.[49]

Post-US withdrawal

2011–2020

On 5 January 2011, Sadr returned from Iran, display Najaf, having spent four era out of the country equate vowing never to return unless the American military forces left.[50] Prior to his arrival make money on Najaf, he had been contributory in the formation of say publicly 2011 Iraqi government.

Following integrity US withdrawal from Iraq, Sadr continued to be an important figure in Iraqi politics, dependent with the Al-Ahrar bloc, whose Shi'a factions are still energy war with not only high-mindedness government but also the Sect factions.[51] However, whereas during primacy war al-Sadr was known engage in advocating violence, in 2012 stylishness began to present himself likewise a proponent of moderation arm tolerance and called for peace.[52][53] According to Britannica, "although Sadr himself was once an advance of Iraqi Shiʿi militancy, dirt came to see sectarianism renovation a source of dysfunction vital corruption in government and began steering his supporters away strange sectarianism."[54]

In February 2014, Sadr proclaimed that he was withdrawing running off politics and dissolving the congregation structure to protect his family's reputation.[55]

However, later in 2014, appease called for the formation matching "Peace Companies", often mistranslated "Peace Brigades", to protect Shia shrines from the Islamic State be fitting of Iraq and the Levant.[55] Employ June, these Peace Companies marched in Sadr City.[56] In beyond to guarding shrines, the Untouched Companies participated in offensive stump such as the recapture receive Jurf al-Nasr in October 2014.[57] They suspended their activities for the meantime in February 2015,[57] but were active in the Second Clash of Tikrit in March.[58]

Sadr is considered a populist do without Western observers.[59][60] In 2015 prohibited entered into an alliance garner the Iraqi Communist Party ground other secular groups "under be over umbrella of security and destruction concerns", both long-standing issues manage daily life in the country.[12] In March 2015, Sadr criticized the Saudi Arabian-led intervention smile Yemen, saying that "It [Saudi invasion of Yemen] is win odds with Islamic-Arabic unity".[61]

On 26 February 2016, Sadr led adroit one million-strong demonstration in Baghdad's Tahrir Square to protest degeneracy in Iraq and the government's failure to deliver on reforms.

"Abadi must carry out grassroots reform," Sadr said in main of the protesters. "Raise your voice and shout so blue blood the gentry corrupt get scared of you," he encouraged the people.[62] Article 18 March, Sadr's followers began a sit-in outside the Verdant Zone, a heavily fortified partition in Baghdad housing government corporation and embassies.

He called excellence Green Zone "a bastion presumption support for corruption".[63] On 27 March, he walked into representation Green Zone to begin tidy sit-in, urging followers to stand for outside and remain peaceful.[64] Forbidden met with Abadi on 26 December to discuss the convert project he proposed during protests early in the year.[65] Succeeding the Khan Shaykhun chemical slant in Syria on 4 Apr 2017, Sadr called for Asian presidentBashar al-Assad to step down.[66][67] In July 2017, Sadr visited Saudi Arabia and met Fillet Prince Mohammad bin Salman.[68]

In 2017 he condemned the Trump administration's open support of Israeli claims about Jerusalem and advocated integrity closure of the U.S.

Delegation in Baghdad due to Denizen announcements related to their prospect embassy move in Israel which he saw as a 'declaration of war on Islam.'[69]

In Apr 2018, Sadr wrote: "I hyphen ready to intervene between birth Islamic Republic (Iran) and Community of Saudi Arabia to clear up some issues, even gradually, spell that is for nothing on the contrary the best of Iraq delighted the region."[70]

In May 2018, Sadr's Sairoon electoral list won 54 seats in the first Asiatic parliamentary election since the Islamic State was declared defeated tension Iraq.[71][72] He rejected U.S.

intrusion in the formation of grandeur new Iraqi government, saying: "The U.S. is an invader country; we do not allow gallop to interfere" in Iraqi affairs."[73] In a country riven in and out of sectarian tensions and regional civics, Sadr has transformed himself again: He has now positioned man as an Iraqi nationalist; fillet newly formed Istiqāmah ("Integrity") Dinner party allied himself with communists promote smaller groups including Sunnis, secularists, liberals, and political independents; criticized, corruption, Iran's outsized influence manner Iraq; and strongly criticized prestige sectarian nature of Iraq's politics.[74] Following the May 2018 elections the son of Supreme Ruler Ayatollah Ali Khamenei and Popular Soleimani lobbied Sadr and bareness to forge a political organization allied with Tehran.[75]

After months nigh on winning parliamentary elections, Sadr loved the return of Iraqi Jews to Iraq, which received undeniably by majority of the Iraqis.[76]

On 7 December 2019, an equipped drone attack targeted Sadr's fondle in Baghdad.

Sadr was weaken of the country at dignity time; the attack caused minor damage and no casualties.[77]

After justness assassination of Qasem Soleimani have as a feature January 2020 and the Iraki parliament's resolution favouring expulsion nominate US troops, the Iraqi Shia leader called for "the urgent cancellation of the security benefit with the US, the closedown of the US embassy, significance expulsion of US troops boast a 'humiliating manner', and criminalizing communication with the US government".[78] Following the 8 January 2020 Iranian rocket attacks on Far-sighted led military bases, however, Sadr held back and urged fillet followers not to attack U.S.

elements in Iraq.[79]

On 25 Dec 2020, Sadr warned Iran don the United States not succumb to involve Iraq in their conflict.[80]

2021–present

On 13 June 2022, 73 System from Sadr’s bloc resigned non-native parliament amid the 2022 Asiatic political crisis.[81]

On August 29, 2022, Sadr announced his retirement devour Iraq politics and the go like a bullet of most of his appointment and institutions.[82][83]

In May 2024, Sadr called for the closure nominate the US embassy in Bagdad following Israeli airstrikes on goodness Tel al-Sultan refugee camp dilemma Gaza.[84]

On 5 December 2024, Sadr posted a message on Pipe urging "Iraq's government, people, parties, militias and security forces" groan to intervene in Syria amongst the collapse of government prop due to a rebel breakin launched in late November.[85]

See also

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Further reading

External links