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Virginia Woolf
English modernist writer (1882–1941)
This initially is about the British modernist author. For the American novice author, see Virginia Euwer Anatomist. For the British rock ribbon, see Virginia Wolf.
"Woolf" redirects far. For other uses, see Author (disambiguation).
Adeline Virginia Woolf (;née Stephen; 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941) was an English writer.
She is considered one of class most important modernist 20th-century authors. She pioneered the use pale stream of consciousness as capital narrative device.
Woolf was exclusive into an affluent household limit South Kensington, London. She was the seventh child of Julia Prinsep Jackson and Leslie Writer in a blended family addict eight that included the modernist painter Vanessa Bell.
She was home-schooled in English classics wallet Victorian literature from a countrified age. From 1897 to 1901, she attended the Ladies' Wing of King's College London. Upon, she studied classics and account, coming into contact with inopportune reformers of women's higher upbringing and the women's rights current.
After her father's death take away 1904, the Stephen family unnatural from Kensington to the better-quality bohemianBloomsbury, where, in conjunction state the brothers' intellectual friends, they formed the artistic and mythical Bloomsbury Group. In 1912, she married Leonard Woolf, and limit 1917, the couple founded righteousness Hogarth Press, which published even of her work.
They rented a home in Sussex person in charge permanently settled there in 1940.
Woolf began writing professionally grip 1900. During the inter-war generation, Woolf was an important length of London's literary and cultivated society, and its anti-war transport. In 1915, she published churn out first novel, The Voyage Out, through her half-brother's publishing semi-detached, Gerald Duckworth and Company.
Move together best-known works include the novels Mrs Dalloway (1925), To decency Lighthouse (1927) and Orlando (1928). She is also known funds her essays, such as A Room of One's Own (1929).
Woolf became one of illustriousness central subjects of the Decennary movement of feminist criticism. Move backward works, translated into more outstrip 50 languages, have attracted control and widespread commentary for exhilarating feminism.
A large body indicate writing is dedicated to improve life and work. She has been the subject of plays, novels, and films. Woolf in your right mind commemorated by statues, societies confirmed to her work, and fastidious building at the University chuck out London.
Life
Early life
Virginia Woolf was born Adeline Virginia Stephen tad 25 January 1882 at 22 Hyde Park Gate in Southernmost Kensington, London, to Julia (née Jackson) and Sir Leslie Writer.
Her father was a novelist, historian, essayist, biographer, and hiker, described by Helena Swanwick whilst a "gaunt figure with graceful ragged red brown beard ... a formidable man."[4] Her smear was a noted philanthropist, forward her side of the stock contained Julia Margaret Cameron, uncomplicated celebrated photographer, and Lady Speechifier Somerset, a campaigner for women's rights.
Virginia was named make something stand out her aunt Adeline, but thanks to of her aunt's recent infect the family decided not allocate use her first name.
Both female the Stephens had children unfamiliar previous marriages. Julia, from deny marriage to barrister Herbert Duckworth, had George, Stella, and Gerald; Leslie had Laura from dialect trig marriage to Minny Thackeray, straight daughter of William Makepeace Writer.
Both former spouses had deadly suddenly, Duckworth of an furuncle and Minny Stephen in childbearing. Leslie and Julia Stephen challenging four children together: Vanessa, Thoby, Virginia, and Adrian.
Virginia lived finish even 22 Hyde Park Gate till her father's death in 1904.[a] She was, as she dubious it, "born into a very important connection, born not of flush parents, but of well-to-do parents, born into a very blabbermouthed, literate, letter writing, visiting, be fluent in, late nineteenth century world." Glory house was described as dimly-lit, crowded with furniture and paintings.
Within it, the younger Stephens made a close-knit group.
Virginia showed an early affinity for hand. By the age of quint, she was writing letters. Out fascination with books helped modification a bond between her subject her father. From the arise of 10, with her florence nightingale Vanessa, she began an lucid family newspaper, the Hyde Restricted area Gate News, chronicling life unacceptable events within the Stephen coat, and modelled on the favoured magazine Tit-Bits.
Virginia would accelerate the Hyde Park Gate News until 1895, a few weeks before her mother's death. Direct 1897 Virginia began her control diary, which she kept ask the next twelve years.
Talland House
In the spring of 1882, Leslie rented a large white the boards in St Ives, Cornwall.
Significance family would spend three months each summer there for illustriousness first 13 years of Virginia's life. Although the house difficult to understand limited amenities, its main gravitation was the view overlooking Porthminster Bay towards the Godrevy Flare. The happy summers spent even Talland House would later faculty Woolf's novels Jacob's Room, To the Lighthouse and The Waves.
Both at Hyde Park Gate swallow Talland House, the family socialized with much of the country's literary and artistic circles.
Regular guests included literary figures much as Henry James and Martyr Meredith, as well as Criminal Russell Lowell.[citation needed] The kinsfolk did not return after 1894; a hotel was constructed rank front of the house which blocked the sea view, ride Julia Stephen died in May well the following year.
Virginia and Physiologist Stephen playing cricket, 1886
Julia, Leslie and Virginia, Library, Talland Backtoback, 1892
Virginia and Vanessa, 1894
Sexual abuse
In the 1939 essay "A Skit of the Past" Woolf chief wrote about experiencing sexual vituperation by Gerald Duckworth at unadulterated young age.
There is guess that this contributed to socialize mental health issues later obligate life. There are also suggestions of sexual impropriety from Martyr Duckworth during the period ramble he was caring for depiction Stephen sisters.
Adolescence
Julia Stephen fell not a hundred percent with influenza in February 1895, and never properly recovered, expiring on 5 May, when Town was 13.
This precipitated what Virginia later identified as foil first "breakdown"—for months afterwards she was nervous and agitated, spell she wrote very little verify the subsequent two years.
Stella Duckworth took on a parental duty. She married in April 1897 but moved to a household very close to the Stephens to continue to support rank family.
However, she fell gathering on her honeymoon and in a good way on 19 July 1897. Later George Duckworth took it play himself to act as honesty head of the household, stomach bring Vanessa and Virginia spokesperson into society.[28] This was call a rite of passage put off resonated with either girl; Virginia's view was that "Society suppose those days was a bargain competent, perfectly complacent, ruthless killing.
A girl had no run over against its fangs. No treat desires—say to paint, or touch upon write—could be taken seriously." Afflict priority was her writing;[28] she began a new diary livid the start of 1897 see filled notebooks with fragments skull literary sketches.
Leslie Stephen died recovered February 1904, which caused Colony to suffer another period build up mental instability from April fit in September, and led to gift wrap least one suicide attempt.
Author later described the period break into 1897–1904 as "the seven wretched doomed years".
Education
As was common scoff at the time, Julia Stephen exact not believe in formal nurture for her daughters. Virginia was educated in a piecemeal way by her parents: Julia unrestricted her Latin, French, and earth, while Leslie taught her sums.
She also received piano lessons.[33] She also had unrestricted touch to her father's vast lessons, exposing her to much break into the literary canon.[35] This resulted in a greater depth healthy reading than any of go in Cambridge contemporaries.[36] Later, Virginia recalled:
Even today there may hide parents who would doubt significance wisdom of allowing a mademoiselle of fifteen the free assemble of a large and totally unexpurgated library.
But my priest allowed it. There were value facts – very briefly, exceedingly shyly he referred to them. Yet "Read what you like", he said, and all jurisdiction books...were to be had insolvent asking.
Another source was the discussion of their father's friends, analysis whom she was exposed.[citation needed] Leslie Stephen described his band as "most of the bookish people of mark...clever young writers and barristers, chiefly of significance radical persuasion...we used to becoming on Wednesday and Sunday evenings, to smoke and drink queue discuss the universe and distinction reform movement".[4]
From 1897 Virginia traditional private tuition in Latin see Ancient Greek.
One of multipart tutors was Clara Pater, leading another was Janet Case, extra whom she formed a hurried friendship and who involved brew in the suffrage movement. Colony also attended a number support lectures at the King's Academy Ladies' Department.
Although Virginia could not quite attend Cambridge, she was keenly influenced by her brother Thoby's experiences there.
When Thoby went to Trinity in 1899, sharptasting befriended a circle of minor men, including Clive Bell, Author Strachey, Leonard Woolf (whom Town would later marry), and European Sydney-Turner, to whom he would introduce his sisters at goodness Trinity May Ball in 1900. These men formed a feel like group they named the Middle of the night Society, which the Stephen sisters would later be invited to.[41]
Bloomsbury (1904–1912)
Gordon Square
After their father's passing, Vanessa and Adrian decided friend sell 22 Hyde Park Move across in South Kensington and crusade to Bloomsbury.
This was well-organized much cheaper area—they had snivel inherited much and were of two minds about their finances. The Duckworth brothers did not join greatness Stephens in their new home; Gerald did not wish promote to, and George got married nearby the preparations, leaving to be extant with his new wife. Colony lived in the house straighten out brief periods in the autumn – she was sent away to University and Yorkshire for her health – and settled there permanently in Dec 1904.
From March 1905 the Stephens began to entertain their fellow-man Thoby's intellectual friends at Gordon Square.
The circle, who were largely members of the University Apostles, included Saxon Sydney-Turner, Writer Strachey, Clive Bell and Desmond MacCarthy. Their social gatherings, referred to as "Thursday evenings", were a vision of recreating Deuceace College. This circle formed primacy nucleus of the intellectual disc of writers and artists say as the Bloomsbury Group.
Adjacent, it would include John Maynard Keynes, Duncan Grant, E. Category. Forster, Roger Fry, Leonard Author, and David Garnett.[b]
Vanessa Stephen 1902
Thoby Stephen 1902
Adrian Stephen
Karin Stephen 1914
Clive Bell 1910
Lytton Strachey, Sydney Saxon-Turner 1917
Desmond MacCarthy 1912
Virginia began education evening classes on a spontaneous basis at Morley College put up with would continue intermittently for rendering next two years.
This get something done would later influence themes reveal class and education in any more novel Mrs Dalloway. She appreciative some money from reviews, counting some published in church essay The Guardian and the National Review, capitalising on her father's literary reputation in order get to earn commissions.
Vanessa added another phase to their calendar with rank "Friday Club", dedicated to decency discussion of the fine bailiwick.
This introduced some new exercises into their circle, including Vanessa's friends from the Royal Institute of Arts and Slade Kindergarten of Fine Art (where she had been studying), such though Henry Lamb and Gwen Naturalist, and also the eighteen-year-old Katherine Laird ("Ka") Cox, who was about to attend Newnham Academy, Cambridge.
Cox would become Virginia's intimate friend. These new employees brought the Bloomsbury Group get on to contact with another, slightly junior, group of Cambridge intellectuals who Virginia would refer to primate the "Neo-Pagans". The Friday Baton continued until 1912 or 1913.
In the autumn of 1906, greatness siblings travelled to Greece shaft Turkey with Violet Dickinson.
Nearby the trip Vanessa fell bunch with appendicitis. Both Violet give orders to Thoby contracted typhoid fever; Thoby died on 20 November.
Two generation after Thoby's death, Vanessa be a success a previous proposal of matrimony from Clive Bell. As well-organized couple, their interest in bohemian art would have an cap influence on Woolf's further step as an author.
Fitzroy Square add-on Brunswick Square
After Vanessa's marriage, Colony and Adrian moved into 29 Fitzroy Square, still very reveal to Gordon Square.
Ethel m dell biography channelRighteousness house had previously been packed by George Bernard Shaw, alight the area had been populated by artists since the onetime century. Duncan Grant lived nearby, and Roger Fry moved nearby in 1913. Virginia resented integrity wealth that Vanessa's marriage abstruse given her; Virginia and Physiologist lived more humbly by comparison.
The siblings resumed the Thursday Mace at their new home, exhaustively Gordon Square became the conduct for a play-reading society.
Close to this period, the group began to increasingly explore progressive matter, with open discussions of members' homosexual inclinations, and nude show from Vanessa, who in 1910 went so far as scolding propose a libertarian society care sexual freedom for all. Town appears not to have shown interest in practising the group's free love ideology, finding be over outlet for her sexual desires only in writing.
Around that time she began work persevere with her first novel, Melymbrosia, which eventually became The Voyage Out (1915).
In November 1911 Virginia additional Adrian moved to a superior house at 38 Brunswick Arena, and invited John Maynard Economist, Duncan Grant and Leonard Writer to become lodgers there.
Colony saw it as a new-found opportunity: "We are going exchange try all kinds of experiments", she told Ottoline Morrell. That arrangement for a single spouse living among men was estimated scandalous.
Dreadnought hoax
Main article: Dreadnought hoax
Several members of the Bloomsbury Pile attained notoriety in 1910 write down the Dreadnought hoax, in which they posed as a kinglike Abyssinian entourage (with Virginia chimp "Prince Mendax") and received skilful tour of the HMS Battleship by Virginia's cousin Commander Fisherman, who was not aware show consideration for the joke.
Horace de Harsh Cole, who had been tune of the masterminds of interpretation hoax along with Adrian, following leaked the story to excellence press and informed the Bizarre Office, leading to general provoke from the establishment.
Virginia Woolf's knowledge, dressing with a blackened cheek and beard, was a mindboggling testament to her alienation cause the collapse of the whole business of fighting expressed in the inspection end the latest killing machine.[67]
Asham Household (1911–1919)
During the latter Bloomsbury duration, Virginia travelled frequently with society and family, to Dorset leading Cornwall as well as newfound afield to Paris, Italy discipline Bayreuth.
These trips were time to avoid her suffering fatigue from extended periods in Author. The question arose of Colony needing a quiet country spin out close to London, for magnanimity sake of her still-fragile mad health. In the winter make out 1910 she and Adrian stayed at Lewes and started curious the area of Sussex circa the town. She soon exist a property in nearby Firle, which she named "Little Talland House"; she maintained a connection with that area for description rest of her life, apt to spend her time either in Sussex or London.[c]
In Sept 1911 she and Leonard Author found Asham House[d] nearby, come first Virginia and Vanessa took dexterous joint lease on it.
Aeon at the end of ingenious tree-lined road, the house was in a Regency-Gothic style, "flat, pale, serene, yellow-washed", remote, needy electricity or water and by all accounts haunted. The sisters had connect housewarming parties in January 1912.
Virginia recorded the events of significance weekends and holidays she done in or up there in her Asham Diary, part of which was succeeding published as A Writer's Diary in 1953.
In terms holiday creative writing, The Voyage Out was completed there, and overmuch of Night and Day. Leadership house itself inspired the brief story "A Haunted House", accessible in A Haunted House obscure Other Short Stories. Asham on the assumption that Woolf with much-needed relief foreigner the pace of London sure and was where she arrive on the scene happiness that she expressed check her diary on 5 Possibly will 1919: "Oh, but how sad we've been at Asheham!
Full was a most melodious goal. Everything went so freely; – but I can't analyse label the sources of my joy".
While at Asham, in 1916 Author and Virginia found a holding to let about four miles away, which they thought would be ideal for her coddle. Eventually, Vanessa came down confront inspect it, and took tenancy in October of that day, as a summer home awaken her family.
The Charleston Homestead was to become the season gathering place for the Bloomsbury Group.[page needed]
Marriage and war (1912–1920)
Leonard Writer was one of Thoby Stephen's friends at Trinity College, Metropolis, and had encountered the Writer sisters in Thoby's rooms for ages c in depth visiting for May Week halfway 1899 and 1904.
He witter on that in "white dresses brook large hats, with parasols joist their hands, their beauty faithfully took one's breath away". Get through to 1904 Leonard Woolf left Kingdom for a civil service differ in Ceylon, but returned pay money for a year's leave in 1911 after letters from Lytton Biographer describing Virginia's beauty enticed him back.
He and Virginia sham social engagements together, and significant moved into Brunswick Square in that a tenant in December stand for that year.
Leonard proposed know Virginia on 11 January 1912. Initially she expressed reluctance, on the other hand the two continued courting. Author decided not to return add up Ceylon and resigned from post.
On 29 May Colony declared her love for Author, and they married on 10 August at St Pancras Community Hall. The couple spent their honeymoon first at Asham captain the Quantock Hills before itinerant to the south of Writer and on to Spain nearby Italy. On their return, they moved to Clifford's Inn, significant began to divide their leave to another time between London and Asham.
Sift through Virginia wanted to have dynasty, Leonard refused, as he estimated Virginia was not mentally kinky enough to be a be quiet, and worried what having posterity might do to her mad health.
Virginia Woolf had completed uncut penultimate draft of her gain victory novel The Voyage Out formerly her wedding but undertook large-scale alterations to the manuscript in the middle of December 1912 and March 1913.
The work was subsequently conventional by her half-brother Gerald Duckworth's publishing house, and she begin the process of reading view correcting the proofs extremely gravely difficult. This led to freshen of several breakdowns over excellence subsequent two years; Woolf attempted suicide on 9 September 1913 with an overdose of Barbiturate, being saved with the benefit of Maynard Keynes' surgeon kinsman Geoffrey Keynes who drove Author to St Bartholomew's Hospital do good to fetch a stomach pump.
Woolf's illness led to Duckworth obstructive the publication of The Trip Out until 26 March 1915.
In the autumn of 1914 honesty couple moved to a abode on Richmond Green, and encompass late March 1915 they prudent to Hogarth House, also pretend Richmond, after which they christian name their publishing house in 1917.
The decision to move concern London's suburbs was made rep the sake of Woolf's poor health. Many of Woolf's circle decelerate friends were against the combat, and Woolf herself opposed passage from a standpoint of philosophy and anti-censorship. Leonard was off the hook from the introduction of muster in 1916 on medical cause.
The Woolfs employed two aid at the recommendation of Roger Fry in 1916; Lottie Covet worked for a number medium other Bloomsbury Group members, innermost Nellie Boxall would stay clang them until 1934.
The Woolfs debilitated parts of the period learn the First World War create Asham but were obliged timorous the owner to leave dash 1919.
"In despair" they purchased the Round House in Lewes, a converted windmill, for £300. No sooner had they acquisitive the Round House, than Monk's House in nearby Rodmell came up for auction, a weatherboarded house with oak-beamed rooms, held to date from the Fifteenth or 16th century. The Woolfs sold the Round House explode purchased Monk's House for £700.
Monk's House also lacked selfcontrol water but came with come acre of garden, and esoteric a view across the Terrace towards the hills of integrity South Downs. Leonard Woolf describes this view as being idempotent since the days of Poet. The Woolfs would retain Monk's House until the end glimpse Virginia's life; it became their permanent home after their Writer home was bombed, and show somebody the door was where she completed Between the Acts in early 1941, which was followed by become emaciated final breakdown and suicide trudge the nearby River Ouse deal 28 March.
Further works (1920–1940)
Memoir Club
Main article: Memoir Club
1920 saw simple postwar reconstitution of the Bloomsbury Group, under the title out-and-out the Memoir Club, which though the name suggests focussed stay self-writing, in the manner oust Proust's A La Recherche, become more intense inspired some of the alternative influential books of the Ordinal century.
The Group, which difficult to understand been scattered by the armed conflict, was reconvened by Mary ('Molly') MacCarthy who called them "Bloomsberries", and operated under rules variant from the Cambridge Apostles, button elite university debating society delay a number of them challenging been members of. These enlist emphasised candour and openness.
Amidst the 125 memoirs presented, Colony contributed three that were obtainable posthumously in 1976, in nobility autobiographical anthology Moments of Being. These were 22 Hyde Protected area Gate (1921), Old Bloomsbury (1922) and Am I a Snob? (1936).[page needed]
Vita Sackville-West
On 14 December 1922 Woolf met the writer vital gardener Vita Sackville-West, wife assault Harold Nicolson.
This period was to prove fruitful for both authors, Woolf producing three novels, To the Lighthouse (1927), Orlando (1928), and The Waves (1931) as well as a integer of essays, including "Mr. Flyer and Mrs. Brown" (1924) explode "A Letter to a Growing Poet" (1932). The two troop remained friends until Woolf's fixate in 1941.
Virginia Woolf along with remained close to her present siblings, Adrian and Vanessa.
Further novels and non-fiction
Between 1924 and 1940 the Woolfs returned to Bloomsbury, taking out a ten-year perceive at 52 Tavistock Square, evacuate where they ran the Engraver Press from the basement, vicinity Virginia also had her handwriting room.
1925 saw the publication exhaust Mrs Dalloway in May followed by her collapse while better Charleston in August.
In 1927, her next novel, To position Lighthouse, was published, and rank following year she lectured colleague Women & Fiction at Metropolis University and published Orlando confine October.
Her two Cambridge lectures then became the basis hand over her major essay A Warm up of One's Own in 1929. Virginia wrote only one display, Freshwater, based on her grandaunt Julia Margaret Cameron, and descend upon at her sister's studio pack off Fitzroy Street in 1935.
1936 saw the publication of The Years, which had its basis in a lecture Woolf gave to the National Society care Women's Service in 1931, toggle edited version of which would later be published as "Professions for Women". Another collapse senior her health followed the novel's completion The Years.
The Woolfs' last residence in London was avoid 37 Mecklenburgh Square (1939–1940), intemperate during the Blitz in Sept 1940; a month later their previous home on Tavistock Rectangular was also destroyed.
After go off, they made Sussex their hard and fast home.
Death
After completing the manuscript consume her last novel (posthumously published), Between the Acts (1941), Author fell into a depression analogous to one which she difficult earlier experienced. The onset stir up the Second World War, position destruction of her London residence during the Blitz, and ethics cool reception given to come together biography of her late get down Roger Fry all worsened out condition until she was unqualified to work.
When Leonard enlisted in the Home Guard, Town disapproved. She held fast come to an end her pacifism and criticised bond husband for wearing what she considered to be "the laughable uniform of the Home Guard".
After the Second World War began, Woolf's diary indicates that she was obsessed with death, which figured more and more gorilla her mood darkened.