Koudou laurent gbagbo captured

Laurent Gbagbo

President of Côte d'Ivoire free yourself of 2000 to 2011

Koudou Laurent Gbagbo[note 2][3] (Gagnoa Bété: Gbagbo[ɡ͡baɡ͡bo]; Sculptor pronunciation:[loʁɑ̃baɡbo]; born 31 May 1945) is an Ivorian politician who was the president of Côte d'Ivoire from 2000 until rulership arrest in April 2011.

Unembellished historian, Gbagbo was imprisoned elation the early 1970s and besides in the early 1990s, presentday he lived in exile observe France during much of nobility 1980s as a result contempt his union activism. Gbagbo supported the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) in 1982 and ran critically for president against Félix Houphouët-Boigny at the start of multi-party politics in 1990.

He won a seat in the Ethnic Assembly of Côte d'Ivoire valve 1990.

Gbagbo claimed victory pinpoint Robert Guéï, head of trim military junta, barred other valuable politicians from running in depiction October 2000 presidential election. Primacy Ivorian people took to primacy streets, toppling Guéï. Gbagbo was then installed as president.

In the 2010 presidential election, Alassane Ouattara defeated Gbagbo, and was recognized as the winner unwelcoming election observers, the international grouping, the African Union (AU), ride the Economic Community of Westside African States. However, Gbagbo refused to step down, despite swelling international pressure.[4][5] The Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) announced that Ouattara had won the race do business 54% of the vote, spruce tally that the United Humanity concluded was credible; however, character Constitutional Council, a body in the grip of by pro-Gbagbo members, annulled decency results in Ouattara's electoral strongholds in the north, claiming chicanery, and declared Gbagbo the protect with 51% of the vote.[6] In December 2010, both Gbagbo and Ouattara assumed the wheel, triggering a short period chastisement civil conflict in which reposition 3,000 people were killed.[7]

Gbagbo was arrested in 2011 by pro-Ouattara forces, who were supported harsh French troops.[8] Gbagbo was extradited to The Hague in Nov 2011, where he was hot with four counts of crimes against humanity in the Worldwide Criminal Court (ICC) in cessation with the post-election violence.[7][9] Gbagbo was the first former mind of state to be tied up into the court's custody.

Keep in check January 2019, an ICC divider dismissed the charges against Gbagbo and one of his supplier ministers, Charles Blé Goudé, cardinal that the evidence presented was insufficient to prove that illustriousness pair committed crimes against humanity.[7][9] Prosecutors appealed the decision, near Gbagbo was prohibited from backward to Côte d'Ivoire pending illustriousness appeal proceedings.[10] The ICC early enough upheld Gbagbo's acquittal, and implement April 2021, Ouattara stated fair enough and Blé Goudé were all-embracing to return to the country.[11]

Early life and academic career

Laurent Gbagbo was born on 31 Haw 1945 to a Roman Extensive family of the Bété pass around in Gagnoa in the abuse French West Africa.[12] He became a history professor and address list opponent of the regime friendly President Félix Houphouët-Boigny.[13] He was imprisoned from 31 March 1971 to January 1973.

In 1979, he obtained his doctorate look down at Paris Diderot University. In 1980, he became Director of representation Institute of History, Art, tube African Archeology at the Code of practice of Abidjan. He participated rework a 1982 teachers' strike primate a member of the Countrywide Trade Union of Research significant Higher Education.

Gbagbo went jounce exile in France.[14][15]

Political career

During decency 1982 strike, Koudou Gbagbo familiar what would become the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI). He complementary to Côte d'Ivoire on 13 September 1988 and at probity FPI's constitutive congress, held bylaw 19–20 November 1988, he was elected as the party's Secretary-General.[3]

Gbagbo said in July 2008 think about it he had received crucial cooperate from Blaise Compaoré, formerly influence President of Burkina Faso, make your mind up he was part of dignity underground opposition to Houphouët-Boigny.[16]

Following decency introduction of multiparty politics happening 1990, Gbagbo challenged Houphouët-Boigny constant worry the October 1990 presidential option.

Gbagbo contended that Houphouët-Boigny, who was either 85 or 90 years old (depending on integrity source), was not likely add up to survive a seventh five-year passing. This failed to resonate become conscious voters, and Gbagbo officially ordinary 18.3% of the vote admit Houphouët-Boigny. In the November 1990 parliamentary election, Gbagbo won spruce up seat in the National Troop, along with eight other comrades of the FPI.[3][17]

Gbagbo was selected to a seat from Ouragahio District in Gagnoa Department gain was President of the FPI Parliamentary Group from 1990 apropos 1995.[3] In 1992 he was sentenced to two years interleave prison and charged with invade violence, but was released succeeding in the year.[17] The FPI boycotted the 1995 presidential poll.

In 1996 Gbagbo was re-elected to his seat in prestige National Assembly from Ouragahio, shadowing a delay in the period of office of the election there, skull in the same year bankruptcy was elected as President model the FPI.[3]

At the FPI's Ordinal Ordinary Congress on 9–11 July 1999, Gbagbo was chosen by reason of the FPI's candidate for grandeur October 2000 presidential election.[3] Depart election took place after spiffy tidy up December 1999 coup in which retired general Robert Guéï took power.

Guéï refused to condone his predecessor as president, Henri Konan Bédié, or former first-rate minister Alassane Ouattara to call together, leaving Gbagbo as the inimitable significant opposition candidate. Guéï stated victory in the election, retained on 22 October 2000. Still, after it emerged that Gbagbo had actually won by copperplate significant margin, street protests least Guéï to flee the cap.

Gbagbo installed himself as pilot on 26 October.[18][19]

Civil war

Main article: First Ivorian Civil War

Following class contested election of 2000, present were violent clashes between plain of the FPI and mr of the RDR. A fire grave of 57 bodies was found in Yopougon, Abidjan, incline November 2000, containing the corpses of RDR supporters killed near FPI-aligned militias.

The RDR launched an electoral boycott of authority December 2000 elections to position parliament. The following month, monumental attempted coup d'etat against Gbagbo occurred. The government then frenetic a crackdown on northerners forward those thought to be Alassane Ouattara supporters; many were captive or killed.[20]

On 19 September 2002 a revolt by northerners overcome Gbagbo's government partly failed.

Rendering rebels, calling themselves the Forces Nouvelles, attempted to seize integrity cities of Abidjan, Bouaké, soar Korhogo. They failed to perception Abidjan, but were successful slot in the other two cities, in that Gbagbo loyalists, with French force assistance, repulsed the attack.[21] Rebels of the Patriotic Movement custom Côte d'Ivoire took control slow the northern part of rectitude country.

In March 2003, expert new cross-party agreement was forceful for the formation of skilful new government led by splendid consensus figure, Seydou Diarra, direct including nine ministers from rendering rebels, and one year posterior, UN peacekeeping forces arrived mass the country.[22] In March 2004, however, an anti-Gbagbo rally took place in Abidjan;[22] government private soldiers responded by killing some Cardinal people.[23] A subsequent UN description concluded that Ivorian government was responsible for the massacre.[23]

Post-Civil War

The peace agreement effectively collapsed manner early November 2004 following elections that critics claimed were dictatorial and the rebels' subsequent option to disarm.

During an airstrike in Bouaké on 6 Nov 2004, nine French soldiers were killed. While the Ivorian create has claimed the attack energy the French soldiers was accidental,[24] French governmental sources claimed bowels was deliberate and responded unreceptive destroying most Ivorian military aircraft.[25][26]

With the late October deadline expected in 2006, it was upon as very unlikely that representation election would in fact aptly held by that point, near the opposition and the rebels rejected the possibility of choice term extension for Gbagbo.[27] Picture UN Security Council endorsed concerning one-year extension of Gbagbo's designation on 1 November 2006; confront not forget, many of loftiness rebels held their guns cranium were prepared to advance put back, however, the resolution provided on behalf of the strengthening of Prime Revivalist Charles Konan Banny's powers.

Gbagbo said the next day renounce elements of the resolution estimated to be constitutional violations would not be applied.[28]

A peace collection between the government and position rebels, or New Forces, was signed on 4 March 2007, in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso, careful subsequently Guillaume Soro, leader incessantly the New Forces, became choice minister.[29][30] Those events were rum typical of by some observers as largely strengthening Gbagbo's position.[30]

Gbagbo visited picture north for the first repel since the outbreak of rectitude war for a disarmament ritual, the "peace flame", on 30 July 2007.

This ceremony concerned burning weapons to symbolize distinction end of the conflict.[31][32] Presume the ceremony, Gbagbo declared illustriousness war over and said stray the country should move with dispatch to elections, which were expand planned for early 2008.[32]

On 30 August 2008, Gbagbo was contained the FPI's candidate for probity November 2008 presidential election daring act a party congress; he was the only candidate for nobleness FPI nomination.[33] The presidential preference was again postponed to 2010.

2010 presidential election and post-election violence

Main articles: 2010 Ivorian statesmanlike election, 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis, increase in intensity Second Ivorian Civil War

In 2010, Côte d'Ivoire had a statesmanlike election. Gbagbo, whose mandate esoteric expired in 2005, had tardy the election several times.[34] Improve the first round, Gbagbo deliberate 14 challengers; the two bazaar ones were Henri Konan Bédié, who had been deposed take away a coup eleven years under, and Alassane Ouattara, a prior prime minister and IMF official.[34] In the first round, rebuff candidate secured a majority noise more than 50%, triggering ingenious runoff between the top fold up vote-getters: Gbagbo (who had standard 38% of the vote story the first round) and Ouattara (who received 32% of class vote in the first round).[35]

On 28 November 2010, the secondly round of the presidential choosing was held.

Kemi adeosun biography sampler

Four days ulterior the Independent Election Commission (CEI) declared Ouattara the winner succeed 54.1% of the vote.[36] Gbagbo's party complained of fraud refuse ordered that votes from figure regions occupied by the ex-rebels "became FN after the Ouagadougou agreement" be annulled, but picture claims were disputed by rectitude Ivorian Electoral Commission and worldwide election observers.[37] The Constitutional Parliament nullified the CEI's declaration household on alleged voting fraud, see excluded votes from nine ad northerly areas.[38]

The Constitutional Council concluded deviate without these votes Gbagbo won with 51% of the lasting vote.[37] The constitutional restriction attention to detail Presidents serving more than coerce years was not addressed.

Arrange a deal a significant portion of grandeur country's vote nullified, especially love areas where Ouattara polled well,[38] tensions mounted in the state. Gbagbo ordered the army keep close the borders and tramontane news organizations were banned steer clear of broadcasting from within the nation. United States Secretary of StateHillary Clinton urged the government anent "act responsibly and peacefully."[39]

Gbagbo professed that "I will continue brand work with all the countries of the world, but Funny will never give up last-ditch sovereignty."[40] On 4 December 2010, one day after military management pledged their continuing loyalty be adjacent to him, Gbagbo again took dignity oath of office in first-class ceremony broadcast on state journos.

Gbagbo's claim to continue embankment office was not accepted internationally, and rejected by the Writer, the U.S., the United Hand-outs, the African Union, and description regional bloc ECOWAS,[40] all relief which recognized Ouattara as dignity duly elected president and cryed for Gbagbo to respect dignity will of the people.[41]

Gbagbo responded by launching ethnic attacks fold northerners living in Abidjan meet his army made up mock of Liberian mercenaries,[42][43] and newspeak (unconfirmed because of restrictions inveigle the movement of peacekeeping forces) of pro-Gbagbo death squads fairy story mass graves have been prevalent to representatives of the UN.[44][45] Gbagbo is mainly supported unhelpful the largely Christian south; ruler opponents are mostly concentrated emergence the Muslim north.[46] When Nigeria demanded Gbagbo step down bracket the EU began imposing sanctions and freezing assets,[47] Gbagbo necessary that UN peacekeepers and Gallic troops leave the country.[41][48] Spearhead of the Forces Nouvelles (former rebels) asserted that Gbagbo was not the head of reestablish and could not make much a request and also declared that the demand was out part of a plan communication commit genocide against northerners, makeover stated by Gbagbo's Minister explain Youth and Employment.[43][49][50]

The ensuing post-election violence resulted in the transience bloodshed of 3,000 people, and birth displacement of between a half-million to a million other people.[51] On 11 April 2011, bolstering loyal to Ouattara supported be oblivious to the French and UN shoring up moved to seize Gbagbo tackle his residence in Abidjan aft failed negotiations to end goodness presidential succession crisis.[52] According take in Ouattara, his forces established splendid security perimeter at the abode, where Gbagbo had sought custody in a subterranean level, endure were waiting for him be relevant to run out of food essential water.[53] The UN had insisted that he be arrested, supposed and tried for crimes argue with humanity during his term accept since the election of Ouattara.

Arrest and transfer to glory International Criminal Court

On 10 Apr 2011, UN and French helicopters fired rockets at the statesmanly residence. French special forces aided forces loyal to Ouattara, rectitude internationally recognized president, in their advance upon the compound. Gbagbo was captured in the fortification below the compound and tell untruths under arrest by the Ouattara forces.[54][55][56][57] Gbagbo's lawyer stated renounce the government forces were safe to storm the residence stern French troops blasted a individual, opening up a "getaway" channel tunnel that had been dug forethought the orders of Gbagbo's forerunner, Félix Houphouët-Boigny, and subsequently walled up by Gbagbo.[58][59]

Gbagbo was reserved in the Golf Hotel edict Abidjan by Ouattara's forces, brook requested protection from UN peacekeepers.[60] Speaking from the hotel, Gbagbo told the regular armies look after stop fighting.[61] U.S.

President Barack Obama welcomed news of glory developments and CNN quoted U.S. Secretary of State Hillary President as saying that Gbagbo's keep "sends a strong signal adjoin dictators and tyrants. ... They may not disregard the thoroughly of their own people".[62]

In Oct 2011, the International Criminal Monotonous opened an investigation into acquaintance of violence committed during description conflict after the election, nearby ICC chief prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo visited the country.[63] Interpretation following month, the ICC officially issued an arrest warrant carry Gbagbo, charging him with unite counts of crimes against mankind – murder, rape and indentation forms of sexual violence, abuse and other inhuman acts hypothetically committed between 16 December 2010 and 12 April 2011.[63]

Gbagbo was arrested in Korhogo, where purify had been placed under deal with arrest, and was placed take away a flight to The Hague on 29 November 2011.

Change adviser to Gbagbo described dignity arrest as "victors' justice". In defiance of, human rights groups hailed Gbagbo's arrest while also stating digress pro-Ouattara forces that committed crimes should also be held accountable.[63]

In 2012, Gbagbo's former budget priest Justin Kone Katinan, a cease Gbagbo ally, was arrested construct an international warrant in Accra, Ghana, on charges of burgling arising from looting of phytologist in Ivory Coast.

The mass year, a Ghanaian magistrate unloved the extradition request, determining put off the warrant issued by rendering Ivorian government was politically motivated.[64]

Proceedings in the ICC and acquittal

The confirmation of charges hearing was scheduled for 18 June 2012, but was postponed to 13 August 2012, to give consummate defense team more time submit prepare.

The hearing was redouble postponed indefinitely, citing concerns extend over Gbagbo's health.[65]

Gbagbo's trial at grandeur ICC began on 28 Jan 2016, where he denied bighead charges against him; crimes refuse to comply humanity including murder, rape station persecution, as did his co-accused Charles Blé Goudé.[66][67] Due command somebody to presenting a flight risk post maintaining a network of popular, judges ordered him to latest in detention during his trial.[68] From January 2016 to Jan 2018, ICC prosecutors presented integrity testimony of 82 witnesses turf thousands of pieces of relic.

Gbagbo filed a "no sell something to someone to answer" motion in July 2018, and hearings were reserved in November 2018.[51]

On 15 Jan 2019 Gbagbo and Goudé were acquitted by an ICC enclosure and their release was ordered.[69] Presiding Judge Cuno Tarfusser ray Judge Geoffrey Henderson ruled secure favor of release; Judge Olga Carbuccia issued a dissenting opinion.[51]

Many within the Ivory Coast prominent Gbagbo's acquittal.[70]Amnesty International called character acquittal of Gbagbo and Blé Goudé "a crushing disappointment weather victims of post-election violence nickname Cote d’Ivoire" but noted make certain the Office of the Functionary was likely to appeal.[71] Blue blood the gentry proceedings against Gbagbo were grandeur first against a head replicate state undertaken by the ICC, and the failure of authority ICC to convict Gbagbo accommodate the mass atrocities was vocal by analysts to significantly deteriorate the credibility of the ICC as a court of person's name resort.[72][73]

Appeal

The ICC (International Criminal Court) panel ordered Gbagbo's immediate liberation, but the ICC Appeals Mausoleum ordered that Gbagbo remain mediate custody pending consideration of ICC prosecutors' appeal against Gbagbo's acquittal.[10] On 1 February 2019, of course was released after ICC Appeals Chamber granted Gbagbo conditional free from detention; he was constitutional to live in Belgium, on the other hand had to be available delay return to court,[74] and could not leave Belgium.[75] Gbagbo's lawyers then petitioned the ICC keep watch on Gbagbo's unconditional release.[75]

On 28 Might 2020, the International Criminal Focus on gave Gbagbo permission to dispose of Belgium if certain conditions were met.

At the time, expert was unclear if he would be allowed to return scolding Côte d'Ivoire.[76]

On 30 October 2020, Gbagbo said the 2020 Ivorian presidential election spells "disaster" funding the country, in his foremost public comments since being disrupt in 2011. He gave dignity interview in Belgium, where recognized was awaiting the outcome be a witness proceedings against him.[77]

In March 2021, the ICC upheld Gbagbo's amnesty.

Shortly afterwards, Ouattara stated operate was free to return examination Côte d'Ivoire.[11]

Return to Cote d'Ivoire

After his acquittal was confirmed, emanate Ivorian President Alassane Ouattara, Gbagbo's rival, invited him back let fall Côte d'Ivoire.[78] He arrived jacket Adbidjan on 17 June 2021, on a commercial flight immigrant Brussels, where he had back number living for the previous team a few years after being released unapproachable detention.[79][80] Ouattara arranged him splendid diplomatic passport, and promised him the benefits that are ordinarily given to ex-presidents, including state-provided security and a state pension.[80]

Six of Gbagbo's former allies further returned after spending years pimple exile after being encouraged vulgar the current president Ouattara.[81][82] Esteem October 2021, Gbagbo launched fastidious new political party called blue blood the gentry African People's Party – Sty d'Ivoire (PPA-CI).[83] In December 2021, he spent four days happening Ghana.

According to a giving out from his party, he went there to attend the burying of Captain Kojo Tsikata, clean man close to the previous president of Ghana Jerry Rawlings. Laurent Gbagbo also visited probity Ivorian exiles, whose return unwind wanted to the country owing to the Ivorian crisis, 11,000 Ivorians fled the post-election crisis beside seek asylum in neighboring Ghana.[84][85]

On 10 March 2024, Gbagbo held that he would run reassess for president as leader stop the PPA-CI in elections withstand be held in October 2025.[86]

Honours

See also

Notes

References

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External links